What does a school expect from homework?

I am often asked about the purpose of homework at Prep level, and more specifically why it cannot just be completed at school?

These are very good questions. Family life is on the one hand so precious that it is a nuisance if it is marred by a daily battle over ‘school’ work, however, if children wait until their GCSE years to study beyond the classroom clearly there will be some fundamental issues with their ability to succeed.

A balance is needed, and this is what schools try to address, always understanding that some children will not have been able to manage the work for a variety of reasons or circumstances, that some will have had a great deal of help and support and that others will have simply got on and done it, sometimes well and sometimes perfunctorily. This means that teachers are setting work every day that has to be stimulating but well defined, challenging but independently manageable, meaningful practice without too many twists, not too dull or repetitive, allows for proper learning and retaining, not essential for the next lesson for those who will not be able to complete it, progressive for those who need stretching and extendible for those who have further interests and enthusiasm. On the other hand the homework diet cannot all be cakes and treats, sometimes it may seem very routine, too easy or too hard, over long or unpalatable, but that too is part of preparing for life.

Naturally this is a complex (and for a teacher a rather exhausting) set of variables, and whereas some children thrive on exercises and assignments, others find their enthusiasm wanes when faced with work to complete on their own. Learning homework is often viewed as no homework by children and often by parents, and increasingly, as it is fitted around external clubs, lessons and events, reading is confined to the last few minutes before bed – never a very good time to do anything that requires thinking!

I am all too familiar with the headache of homework sessions. I remember my frazzled mother standing over the table where my siblings and I were pretending to work each evening, and I regularly supervise my niece and nephews in their efforts to wriggle away from the mountain of things they bring home. However, I also see how the routines help to create an atmosphere and a system that works for them, and how well the children can work when they are settled. Independence is very important, so training children to have those study skills and the resilience and perseverance needed to complete activities will pay dividends in the future. Learning homework may well need help, and I am a big fan of using non-fiction books to help with information gathering, and these can be read together if there is time, to help to broaden the subject at hand.

On some occasions every child will say they don’t know how to do the work in front of them, and sometimes this might even be genuine! My advice would be to put a note on the bottom to the teacher, saying just that, and stop. Confusion of methods and frustration at mum and dad turning into teachers is not conducive to happy family life, and the teachers are there to help. If your child is too overwrought or too tired to work well then you should stop. Put a note in the book or wherever the school has asked for you to communicate, and go and do something relaxing. If the purpose of homework is to develop good work habits then consider carefully what those might be (I suggest a few below), and if what is happening is not reinforcing those positive skills then there is little point continuing until you want to throw the whole lot into the bin and turn to strong drink too!

Looking at the work you can usually see that the purpose is one or more of the following:

1.     To reinforce work that has been taught and needs practising in order to increase speed and accuracy or remember and retain the skills and knowledge – this work may not be very exciting!

2.     To enhance knowledge and understanding by extending something taught, or providing resources for further or richer understanding – this may be quite open ended and time consuming.

3.     To allow time to reflect on concepts or topics, or just to finish an extended piece of work – this may require proper consideration of presentation and a bit of thinking and reflection time beforehand and again at the end.

4.     To develop independent skills and good life long work habits which include perseverance, meta cognition (coming to a realisation which work styles work best for herself), self-motivation, time management, determination, pride in presentation and content, and satisfaction with completion.

You can help by:

• ·        Providing a regular place where work can be completed undisturbed, with good light, plenty of space and a reasonable time limit
• ·        Providing a routine time, probably after a light snack and a chance to move around after the rigours of a very busy school day
• ·        Helping to signal that homework is not a punishment and can be rewarded!
• ·        Offering advice, but not too much assistance
• ·        Helping to prioritise what needs to be done (I recommend doing the horrid bit first, taking a moment for praise and then moving on to complete the rest)
• ·        Trying to keep the evenings as uncluttered with extra events as possible.
• ·        Limiting out of school clubs to weekends when possible.
• ·        Making sure siblings are not too distracting, and when your child has good habits, allowing her to work away from others or away from your direct supervision, so that she knows that you trust her developing work habits.
• ·        A quick check at the end that everything is done, sufficient high standards have been retained and that the bag is repacked with everything required for the next day

Of course all of this assumes that your child has organised her belongings and has all of the things she needs to just to get on – but that is a different type of hurdle.

How Should I Read a School Report

At this time of year parents tell me they become anxious about what might be contained within the school report, so I thought it useful to write a blog outlining what the school creates these reports for:

First of all they are a summary of progress throughout the year. Schools and teachers are encouraged by professional bodies, such as IAPS, to give this information as factually as possible, so that the written report is a completed round-up of what has been done (not what needs to be discussed; that should take place at other times in the year). That is why so many school reports include tick boxes.  Secondly they may, and most do, include a short passage written by the teachers to help to clarify any points that may not be absolutely clear in the facts given, such as the efforts your children have made, and any circumstances or learning behaviours worth commenting on. In some, as in ours, there is a chart outlining learning behaviour, because it is far more relevant to know how well your child listens in class, or can follow instructions, than what she can remember later, or can currently achieve in tests. Learning behaviour is an area which I consider to be the most essential, as truly great teaching can only go so far in raising attainment of pupils who cannot listen, settle, work together (or alone) or use their own common sense (for example to write the date and turn the page as they are expected to do every day). 

Most schools will now include targets on their reports, and these are usually chosen in line with a weakness or an area that needs to be developed, and can be worked on at home too – most have an element of learning behaviour in them that spills over into home life, such as insecurity and subsequent over-checking, or not being expected to organise her own things. Constructive criticism is important for improvement, so it is not necessary to feel defensive or over-protective (which is entirely natural) but to think about how the target can be realistically met. Teachers try to be helpful to you and your child, so if they think that your child needs to take more responsibility for her work, or to try harder, then they say so to enable you to help make this happen. If you feel this needs the teacher’s support, or you are not sure what is meant in the report, then follow it up with the new teacher in September, but do wait for the settling in period to be over so that the new teacher has started to build a good personal relationship with your child first.

Test results will be included in many reports too, and these should always be read in conjunction with the rest of the report, because they cannot stand or fall on their own. It should also be remembered that tests tend to be independent working, in a silent room, without help deciphering the questions or encouraging the answers, so children who need this regular support or reassurance will struggle. The good news is that with familiarisation this tends to improve, and practice does help – although too much practice, under forced conditions can also create pressure and anxiety, which are the enemies of success. It is also true to say that with Prep age children a good day or a bad day can make all the difference, so exam results should only be used to help create a pattern over years, not in the short term, and it is helpful to take a longer term view before having a panic about a few marks either way. It is worth remembering that no two tests will ever be entirely the same too, even if they are standardised, and that is why there is a reasonable margin of a few points up or down that is not considered significant. 

Reports are written by teachers, checked across year groups, results and scores moderated and verified, then forwarded to the senior leadership team for checking, reading and signing. This takes the average teacher most of the Summer term, including the half term break, and then many evenings until the end of term, because they cannot be written in the normal course of their school and teaching duties. These written records are precious. They give as accurate as possible a snapshot of your child as can be written by a group of professionals working together over many hours of careful consideration.

If you feel the report does not entirely describe to you the child you know and love, that may be a good sign, because it means they have an independent persona from the child-to-parent one you see at home, which is just what they will need to develop in order to become fully and successfully themselves.

Why are my child's grades lower than expected?

In my work as a Head Teacher I often encounter parents who are nonplussed that their child's teacher does not see the standard of work at school they can see at home or with a private tutor. Sometimes they are concerned that assessment or test results or term grades are much lower than they had come to expect given the standard of classwork, and the fact that their child has seemed to be getting on well during the weeks leading up to a test. This week I encountered this with some old friends, rather than parents at my school, who were absolutely panic-stricken by their child's below average results in maths, reported to them at both parents evenings this year and now expected on the reports after a bad test result.

Teachers are expected to communicate factual information to parents, in order to clarify what children can do in the classroom unaided. They do use value judgements to choose what to teach, and to differentiate work according what they have seen, and they will always use formative assessment (assessment of what the child is doing and learning as they go, all the time, in every lesson) to make those decisions and choices. However, when they report results to parents they are expected to be more summative, to give concrete examples of what the child can do by herself or in team activities, but without the teacher's constant intervention. What a child can do independently is rarely the same as what she can achieve with a willing hand beside her, pointing out errors, managing the speed and accuracy of work, and encouraging focus.

In a class lesson teachers will be on hand to challenge, support and cajole. In a test situation this constant supervision is withdrawn and naturally the child will increasingly have to show that she can cope alone. Often therefore the grades can seem lower than expected, particularly for younger children, and the challenge for all teachers to create a match between children’s natural ability and their independent test results. This is not an easy feat as it means developing independence, resilience and concentration, all of which can be damaged or delayed by the knee jerk solutions generally applied in a crisis, such as providing a tutor or helping more with homework and classwork. I do like to remind parents that the moment their child needs to peak, to show her best test results, is usually GCSE, and although other tests can be important they are generally signposts on the way showing a snapshot of progress (on the day) rather than final, and often not just indicative of things such as quality of teaching or proper expectations.

So, this week I was talking to my lovely friends, seeking my advice regarding their daughter Sara (not her real name), and wondering, with palpable anxiety, whether they should make a complaint to their school (thankfully not my school and so not to me). They explained that their daughter could not to do at school the maths she could easily do at home during homework. Mum explained that she really knows what her daughter can do because she sits with her every day without fail whilst homework is being completed; even doing extra at weekends and in the holidays, and Sara’s maths is excellent. Much to their consternation the teacher apparently disagrees.

I asked Mum to talk me through what happens at home, and then to outline what the school says. Firstly, she told me, she and Sara sit together quietly at the dining room table for homework, usually after a snack and a drink and catch up on the day. Mum always checks the homework diary so that she can see that Sara is doing the correct page, and turns to it for her if she has not found it easily. From the maths book, Mum points to the question her daughter has to do, and makes her read it aloud. If Sara reads it correctly she is praised. If she reads it incorrectly Mum fills in the missing words. Sara will then tell Mum what type of sum she thinks it is. If she is wrong, Mum assured me she doesn't ever tell her what to do, she says no, have another go. Then, mum tells me, her daughter works out what to do again and then if she has chosen the right method, she does the number work effectively by herself. If she gets it wrong, mum assures me she doesn't help or give the answers, she just tells her daughter to have another go. Her daughter always gets full marks for homework, and Mum was adamant that she had not helped her to get them right.

According to the school however, Sara is below average in maths, has difficulty in class even finding the right page in lessons and waits to be invited to start work rather than getting on by herself. She tends to check with the teacher whether she is on the right page even after instructions, because she isn't confident and she needs constant praise and reassurance. She rarely scores more than half marks by herself and constantly asks the teacher for help, often before she has made an attempt of her own. She does not see her own mistakes and is not good at self-checking. She is easily distracted by her classmates and spends a lot of time pointing to errors in their work, or commenting on their behaviour. She cries when she does badly and says she hates maths. Her teacher thinks that Sara is not reaching her potential and has said so. Mum and Dad cannot understand how things have gone wrong, and are convinced that the problem must therefore be the teacher, who cannot see how talented their daughter is. They are just about to go to see the Head to ask for a better teacher next year.

Sara is very like many of the children I have taught over the years. She is a wonderful, chatty, and bright girl. She is extremely eager to please. She has natural ability, but spends a lot of time trying to gauge her success by checking with the teacher. In my opinion she doesn’t have a problem with maths at all, she has issues and growing fears about learning independently. I believe she is being held back by the mixed messages she has receives between home and school, and unfortunately her difficulties are now being reinforced at school because she has come to rely on the sort of individual support she is used to from home. She has come to believe the teacher should give her constant help. In class she cannot get on without adult intervention, she looks for constant praise or reassurance and she fears failure. This is unsurprising given the level of panic her parents are showing about her results, and the extra attention being lavished to support her. Attending to what everyone else is doing is class rather than getting on often happens more if the child is distractible (even under normal classroom conditions, which is about concentration and needs specific support) or because failing to find approval from the teacher will mean seeking it from her peers, or by pointing the weaknesses in her classmates and thereby highlighting her own good behaviour to the teacher. Neither are much help to learning. Fortunately these habits are easy to break if everyone understands that learning behaviour and steady improvement through managing the learning styles and environments are more important than the test results and the strictness of the teacher.

I have suggested that before they go into school these friends of mine try a new approach to maths homework (to all homework) and focus on independence. Settling down quietly is great. I suggested telling Sara to go and start, and then pop in to check she is working and has found the right page. That can have a reward. To master that would be a fantastic first step. The key to reward is to praise what you have seen that warrants it, not add empty or hopeful praise, that is a really mixed message. Next step is to withdraw the constant reassurance, say that they will be pleased to look when she has completed half, or three quarters. Praise or reward at that stage. Mistakes made can of course be discussed, but do it immediately after the work is all completed, not as she goes - homework isn't generally about teaching a new skill it is about rehearsing one that has been taught before, and a little more practice can iron out the problems. If not, and if Sara has got it wrong consistently and doesn't understand it is important that her teacher knows. Covering up by asking to guess again or giving the answer will simply mask a gap in her learning. That gap wont be filled before it is encountered again and will reappear as a mistake. Sorry to also add that former methods are not always what we teach in maths now, so also best to refer back to school.

Sara's parents were, I think, rather disappointed in my response and went away muttering about finding a tutor. What do you think?

K and C, I'm dedicating this blog to you and Sara. 

Why should we celebrate Feast Days 2015

Happy Feast of St Jeanne de Lestonnac to you all. This saint  opened her first school in Bordeaux in 1607, to educate girls. The Order of Company of Mary Our Lady, which she founded, opened my school, Notre Dame School Cobham, Surrey in 1937. Ever since we have been educating girls to take their place as agents for improving society. 

I believe it is time for us to remind ourselves again about the importance of Feast Days, because in these busy times, when performance and attainment are uppermost in people’s minds we fear anything that cannot be measured as productive. 

However, for me, excellent education is a holistic affair. Children need to become rounded, moral, thinking, spiritual beings in order to be fulfilled in life and to contribute to society. These dispositions do not happen by accident, and although their own families are the first best educators, it is the experiences shared in common with their peers and their role models that really help them to develop. Experiences provided schools help to shape and form an individual far more than the taught concepts. Living life and learning to manage it, with all the complexity of social interaction and the ability to understand what contributes to happiness and self-satisfaction, is far more likely to make a positive difference to success in life than an extra hour of maths and English. Balance is all important - all work and no play makes Angela not only a dull girl, but one uncomfortable in her own skin, prone to anxiety, fixated on arbitrary success criteria and made vulnerable in the relationships with friends who are also competitors.

So my school happily juggles a Feast Day, to allow for most of the usual lessons to be fitted in, but making space for the whole school to come together for a service of celebration and thanksgiving and for shared lunch where all of the age-groups mix to make new friends and ‘big’ or ‘little sisters’. Aside from the social aspects, the bigger girls are role models for the younger. Their tenderness with the youngsters is touching to see, and a valuable part of learning to be upright caring citizens.

The Feast Day for me also focuses attention on a shared celebration that touches this whole community. Unlike any other event it does not reward the success of the few, it does not rely on competition, and it is not more applicable to some than others. A Feast Day simply offers itself as a shared celebration in common with whole community, much as a birthday or Christmas celebration might in the family home. School spirit, something that translates itself through life into family spirit, community spirit, or even a willing or tireless work ethic begins here, and cannot be created by lessons alone. Character is not the result of audited academic success. Being part of a community and being able to celebrate that 'belonging' is also an essential part of personal happiness.

On other days beyond the norm, for house competitions, rehearsals, concerts, assemblies, music ensembles, sports activities and the like, children are given opportunities to contribute to the community in a way that does not simply benefit them or lead to temporary personal success. I firmly believe that understanding the contribution that one can make to the whole is an essential discipline. Work in the twenty first century is more than likely to involve collaboration, presentation, self-discipline, ability to listen, and discernment about one’s place in the group and judgement about who to imitate and follow. All of these are learned more effectively through activities and experiences beyond the classroom. For pupils that cannot be happily involved beyond the limelight, who are not trained to watch and join in on cue, who don’t know that there are strengths and rewards in being an anonymous part of a celebrating community, who do not turn up to events after hours if their parents are not going to be in the audience, who cannot feel motivated if there is no reward, life will be deeply frustrating, puzzling and hard grind. 

So happy Feast Day to you all, whenever that day may be for you. 

What can we do to fill the days?

As we approach this Christmas Season I have rewritten a previous blog with some recommendations for what you can do to keep your children’s brains ticking over while you all enjoy yourselves during the holiday season.

In the past I have referred to maths games, listening games and reading skills. However, for real family time why not turn your thoughts to history and geography?  There are many great places for family visits, such as Hampton Court Palace, museums in London (free admission to those), and art galleries. Websites will inform you of special exhibitions and of discount events, and travelling on the train often gives you two for one offers on prices – pick up the leaflets in the station to see what is available at low cost.  

To make the experience particularly educational don’t focus on the event, instead over-involve your children in the planning. Train schedules, car parks, ticket prices, choice of visit, maps of venues and making a timetable for the day can all be worked out together. Children love to be trusted to organise events and will be proud to show you their skills. Learning experiences work best in the shape of an enjoyable experiences; counting cash and sorting change on a shopping trip is the point of learning mathematics – it is what number work is for, so gather a bag of coins to use on the day (in my family we lovingly call this the purse of gold!).

Allowing children to choose and make decisions is also developing an essential skill. Buying them books is not quite the experience that being allowed to browse and choose them is. Don’t forget the public library either, a great cheap and fruitful outing. Direct your children to the non-fiction sections of the library, children love history and will be fascinated by how other lived. I remember spending hours learning about ancient Egyptians, just for fun, during one Christmas – my poor mother had to take me back to the library every two days to swap the books as I swallowed them whole. Maps are also a great source of discussion… plan a walk using a local area map, or see if you have a local heritage trail… and keep talking as you go because discussion helps children to understand more than they will take in for themselves. There are good apps to help – I use viewranger, which has all the paths marked for my local common and lots more. And there is great joy to be found in an unfolded OS map. Even a walk in the park (walking allows for far more observation than a car journey) or around the neighbourhood can be filled with discussions about what can be seen. Can you and your children name and recognise 5 types of trees or breeds of dog? Which Christmas decorations do they like as they pass them? This is especially lovely after tea at this time of year once it is dark and lights are twinkling – and the added bonus of technology free time to talk to your children.

If you have lots of children and the possibility of childcare, try making an individual plan for a special and different day out for each child – children like few things more than a day of their parent’s undivided attention. My own mother took me to see the Tutankhamen exhibition on my own because of my Egyptian obsession and I have never forgotten the pleasure of that exhibition or the delight of a day out with her by myself. She recently admitted to me that she remembered every minute of that day, it was one of her most treasured memories too. 

So keep busy - and Christmas blessings to you all.

Why are children so demanding?

Last week I listened to a short article on the radio about biological imperatives. This explained that human children are genetically programmed to want, desire and demand far more than they need. This was due to the fact that human parents in past eras had to divide their offerings among many children and to face difficult circumstances, including lack of food and material belongings. Thus the ‘survival of the fittest’ in human terms meant a genetic requirement to seek to have more of the share of what the family had to offer - to always want more that can be on offer. Therefore making increasing demands, regardless of what is given, is inbuilt in the child’s DNA.

In the year 2014 this nature continues, and children will make demands based on their needs, but also their desires and in our global world, what they perceive others might have. This is their human nature. To learn to be great human adults they will have to learn at some point that their expectations are higher than can be reasonably met and that it is fine to want something they can’t have – it is part of life. However,  the problem has been somewhat turned on its heads by a culture that creates guilt in parents who feel they need to keep up with demands, or at least with the neighbours, and offer more and more to their children. Biology tells us that the demands will never end, so we need to find ways to manage expectations and realise that the most important word a child can hear in the right context is NO.

During Christmas the fever of expectation can reach a peak – so a few suggestions to help: enable your child to desire something for someone else – let them choose presents with you for other people. Give them the responsibility, a budget and a hint list, and encourage them to keep within its boundaries. Help your child to manage delayed gratification – let them want something they cannot have immediately, perhaps they have to save up for it, or do tasks to earn it. Make your promises realistic too – children will love your time, and if you can organise it then it can be given freely – without the need for bought entertainment. Most children would love a walk around the park with you listening to them, and an ice cream or a hot chocolate if they can choose. Even a library visit can prove useful by ticking the educational box at the same time. Above all, when you say no, mean it. Demanding children will in time become demanding teenagers (rude) and demanding adults (lonely) – the power is in your hands!

Advice for the future learner :from a Head Teacher.

This was my address to Year 6 girls and their parents this week at the Ceremony of Achievement - our prize giving, reflection, final assembly and celebration. 

Today is a special and emotional and exciting occasion for our lovely Year 6 girls and parents who are moving on to the next step in the educational world. For me, and for all of the teachers, this is a poignant and bittersweet occasion too, as we see those we have cherished and nurtured leaving our nest, and spreading their wings. I am not sure whether or not I should be saying "despite all they have achieved these girls are just 10 and 11", or that I should marvel and say that "I am surprised they they are already 10 and 11". Whichever it is, this is my moment to say how proud I am of each and every one.

My message to the girls today comes in many parts, but the first request is to use your humanity wisely. I thank God for my colleagues and my friends, and for each one of you every day, and I try always to remember that the good that has come into my life is a gift to me, and I pause, often, to remember that. In this wide world few people have what we have here, and it is right that we should be grateful and to ask what we can do to stretch out our hand to others who need our help.

To become a Head Teacher I studied hard, collected some qualifications and served many years as class and a subject teacher. I have given many hours, endured more than a few sleepless nights and had lots of ideas: some brilliant and some just mad, alongside a brilliant and committed team of talented people to teach the children in our care.

I have sat through some very dull meetings and on the other hand been part of many exciting projects. I have also listened to people who were good at what I wanted to do, and learned from them. I have tried to understand what is just and fair, and I have stuck to it, even when it has seemed difficult or I have been challenged.

I have respected great role models: Sr Christina who was my own headmistress and who always had time for everyone, my mother who is always calm, philosophical and kind, St Jeanne who picked herself up after many setbacks, failures even, in order to achieve her vision, and most recently even Mr Plummer.

I have always 'put my hand up' to do jobs that no one else wanted to do. I have cleaned up a lot of rubbish. I have put out and put away literally thousands of chairs and I have even cleared up too many nasty puddles. I don't wait to be asked. 

I have soothed people who were angry, cried with some in great sorrow, listened to the troubled and laughed with as many people as possible. These things do not take qualifications, they take kindness, humility and integrity – things I hope and pray you have learnt here at Notre Dame, and can take into the world with you. Using your gifts to improve the world is what a true education is for, so if you have only learnt how to pass exams then you have not learnt much. 

Because I believe that your parents chose this school to give you an edge in the world – something to put you onto the path to success. And I believe that the academic, physical and creative education is a start – but the special thing I hope you have learnt is that you are a unique, cherished, talented, recognised child of God who calls you into this world by name, and has surrounded you with the love of friends, family and this community to give you life to its fullest abundance, and to provide the foundation for your lives from this point – lives that you are now ready to take some responsibility for as you head forward into the next stage of your educational life, lives you can choose to use for good.

So here is my advice for your future:

1.   Share everything. Collaboration is a great key to success. Work together; be in a team, a choir, a group. Value your colleagues and friends, combine your talents with the talents of others. Combine their knowledge with yours, however limited. Credit everyone with what they have offered to the process. Not only can you achieve more together but also you have more people for the celebrations afterwards.

2.   Recreation is important. And I do mean play. But I also mean re-creation, time to recharge, reassess, redesign, most importantly to reflect. You will achieve significantly more if you take time to do that! And your attitude makes a difference too: treat every day as if it was a busy holiday and you should enjoy it to the full.

3.   Learn things, even boring things, because they will be useful. Think about what you have learned. Think about how you have learned it. Make connections. Ask questions. Accept that you don’t know everything and think about where you can find out what you need to know...

4.   Be gentle. Be the best person you can be: don’t react to other people, instead respond to them. Be compassionate. Give people the most valuable thing you have, no, not your expertise, give them your time and your friendship.

5.   Wonder is important. Mysteries are not all for solving. The creation of this beautiful world was God’s gift to us and we can scarcely guess at the variety within it. I heard recently that ‘life is not measured by the number of breaths you take, but the number of moments that take our breath away.’ Appreciate those moments.

6.   Take care to tell the truth. Do this with kindness. If it is better not said then just don’t say it, or find words to express what you mean that will be heard and are meant in the right spirit. And don’t lie to get yourself out of trouble – it will get you in a mess that will become more tangled over time. Don’t lose yourself in that tangle.

7.   Always stick with your commitments. The people we want to know and the people we trust are the ones who do what they say they will do.

8.   Treat others equally, no matter how you feel about them. Being polite, smiling back and giving people another chance is what we all deserve.

9.   Never be afraid of failure. We learn best when we can review and improve on our mistakes. We all fail sometimes, if you haven’t yet, then you will: you will make a slip, a mistake, an error or you might get something really wrong. You will, because you are just not that different from everyone else. What marks you out is your ability to pick yourself up and to challenge yourself to go on, to get it right, or sometimes to start again.

10.      Finally – advice that my father gave to me: remember that nobody gains anything unless they put in hard work. A wonderful, happy and successful life is not free, but nor can you, nor your parents, pay for it with money – the exchange you make is the effort, good humour and the humanity you put in. And the measure of that success is not position or wealth or belongings, it is happiness, wisdom and fulfilment.

I ask God to bless you children, and all of us, as we leave here today with renewed hope and energy for a bright and blessed future.